Comparing the Foreign Policy of Presidents George W. Bush...

Comparing the Foreign Policy of Presidents George W. Bush and Bill Clinton Towards North Korea Since its creation after the Korean War in 1950, North Korea, also known as the Democratic People Republic of Korea (DPRK), has caused many problems for the United States. North Korea has, for instance, broken treaties and even gone so far as to threaten the use of nuclear weapons. Naturally, different presidents have dealt with North Korea in different ways. Take Eisenhower for example, he actually threatened the use of nuclear weapons against North Korea in 1953 (obviously before North Korea had nuclear capabilities). Many presidents ignored North Korea all together, and some tried to ignore the country, but circumstances did not allow†¦show more content†¦He mentions that Clinton never made any talk about North Korea during his first presidential campaign in 1992. However, Clinton very quickly figured out he would have to deal with North Korea when fears starting to arise that they were generating materials for nuclear weapons with their small nuclear reactor in Yongbyon . Clinton, in response to these fears, decided to start military training exercises, known as Team Spirit, in South Korea. This flexing of military muscle prompted North Korea to threaten to pull out of the Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT). After some negotiations North Korea agreed to pull back on their threat of withdrawing from the NPT. This led Clinton to reward North Korea for its reversal by not considering any trade sanction or military actions against the DPRK. Things started growing worse though as the fear that North Korea had nuclear capabilities grew. Leading the fears along was the fact that the dictator of North Korea at the time, Kim Il Sung, was blocking nuclear inspectors from reaching the nuclear reactors they wanted to inspect. Furthermore, it was later concluded by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) that North Korea did indeed have nuclear capabilities. These new developments brought the United States to the brink of war with North Korea. Before shots, o r rockets in this case, could be fired an agreement known as the Agreed Framework was signed on October 21, 1994. Among other things in this treaty, NorthShow MoreRelatedInside Security. Situation. The Current Situation Of The1594 Words   |  7 PagesTrump took office a few months ago, he upset the intelligence officials by comparing their agencies to Nazi Germany, and suggested in February that the intelligence officials sought to undermine his presidency by saying their leaks were â€Å"just like Russia†. Right before Trump’s inauguration, the intelligence agencies concluded that the Russian hacking and false information were intended to help Trump get elected over Hillary Clinton. The F.B.I is using their leaders James Comey, Michael Rogers, and theRead MoreThreat Of Terror3454 Words   |  14 Pagesour past U.S presidents I realized that most presidents have tried, to a greater or lesser degree, to involve themselves in bringing peace to the middle east. Preside nts Bill Clinton and Jimmy Carter had a little success in doing so, but in my cognitive lifetime, none of my presidents have come up with cogent policies, competencies or leadership to solve or properly address the region in any that measurable with regards to their plan’s success. 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This book is printed on recycled, acid-free paper containing 10% postconsumer waste. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 QDB/QDB 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 978-0-07-811257-7 MHID 0-07-811257-5 Vice President Editor-in-Chief: Brent Gordon Vice President, EDP/Ce ntral Publishing Services: Kimberly Meriwether-David Editorial Director: Paul Ducham Managing Developmental Editor: Laura Hurst Spell Developmental Editor: Jane Beck Associate Marketing Manager: Jaime Halteman ProjectRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesBehavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition Cohen Harvard Business Review Finance Articles The Power of Management Capital Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum International Management, Sixth Edition Hodgetts−Luthans−Doh Contemporary Management, Fourth Edition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell Leadership, Fifth Edition Hughes−Ginnett−Curphy The Art of M A: Merger/Acquisitions/Buyout Guide, Third Edition Reed−Lajoux and others . . . This book was printed on recycled paper. Management Read MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 Pagesmany human resource issues, particularly those involved in major strategic initiatives. 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Website Evaluation Essay - 1587 Words

Name: Princess C. Baker CHMN 201 – Section (eg. B02, C01, D07) C04 Church Evaluation Form Not every church will have every ministry. If they do not have a particular ministry, just indicate this in the space provided. Church #1 Name: The Brooklyn Tabernacle Church #1 Website: www.brooklyntabernacle.org 1. Ministry is†¦praying for others. a. Does the church have a prayer ministry? What does it look like? Yes, Brooklyn Tabernacle has an prayer ministry. Prayer Band is a ministry dedicated to intecessory prayer. prayer requests are made via prayer request cards, the mail, email, or telephone and prayed over for a period of 30 days. 2. Ministry is†¦following Jesus’ example by practicing†¦show more content†¦Ministry is†¦cultivating a culture of godly accountability for yourself and for those you serve. a. Does the church have an organized accountability program? If so, what does it look like? Yes. Accountability is done through small groups and various ministries. 6. What do you feel is the church’s priority? Accountability Church #3 Name: Hope Baptist Church Church #3 Website: www.hopebaptistchurch.com 1. Ministry is†¦praying for others. a. Does the church have a prayer ministry? What does it look like? No. Only saw a series on Authentic prayer 2. Ministry is†¦following Jesus’ example by practicing spiritual mentoring and multiplying. a. Does the church have a strategy for evangelism? yes b. Does the church have a strategy for discipleship? No c. Briefly describe what they look like. Evangelism consist of Hope for the World ministry to engage the world with the gospel. 3. Ministry is†¦leading small groups. a. Does the church have a small group ministry? What can learn about their small group ministry from their website? Yes. Hope Baptist small group ministries consist of 8-20 people who together rightly relate to God, one another, and the world. Hope Baptist church have people from all walks of life and all stages of life. 4.Show MoreRelatedWebsite Evaluation Report1725 Words   |  7 PagesTourism and Hospitality E – Tourism WEBSITE EVALUATION REPORT www.blacktomato.co.uk www.jdwetherspoon.co.uk ELEONORA ANGELOVA Date: 14th May 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 II. Design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...4 III. Navigation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 IV. Content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 V. Interactivity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 VI. Personalization†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreEvaluation Of The Canadian Cancer Society Website Cancer2157 Words   |  9 PagesDISCERN Evaluation of Cancer.ca For individuals faced with a cancer diagnosis, information seeking plays a crucial role in their ability to cope with their diagnosis as well as treatment options. To make decisions, patients require information about their disease, treatment options that outline the benefits and risks, as well as alternative treatments and their prognosis (Rutten, Arora, Bakos, Aziz, Rowland, 2005). Modern technology has provided patients with access to a plethora of informationRead MoreMHAHRQ Website Evaluation828 Words   |  4 PagesThe MONAHRQ website known for being an interactive web-based system that provides users with healthcare data, which converts into user-friendly information. It shows that it intends on making efforts on increasing the processes of efficiency in Washington and other state health care organizations, which creates different methods to collaborate proficiently with all other organizations and employees who contribute in public and private environments. It also suppor ts methods that improve the deliveryRead MoreWebsite Evaluation Essay991 Words   |  4 PagesEvaluation Overall, despite some text not being entirely complete and the contact form not being completely formatted this website is an overall success. It makes contacting the business straightforward and easy, follows the client’s request of being ‘clean, neat and uncluttered’ and it promotes the business effectively. Many web conventions are followed as detailed below to make this website effective. The identification for this project was done very effectively. The client was asked a comprehensiveRead MoreWebsite Evaluation Essay739 Words   |  3 PagesEvaluating Three Websites In this evaluation, there are two informational sites and one business site evaluated. In order of their overall ranking from high to low: Anderson County Sheriff Department (http://tnacso.net) is an Informational site, KetoDiet (https://ketodietapp.com) is a Business/Marketing website and Tom Klindt’s home page (http://www.toddklindt.com) is an informational website. The content for each site was evaluated for authority, accuracy, objectivity, currency and coverage. WhileRead More Evaluation of a Website Essay552 Words   |  3 PagesEvaluation of a Website What has a hippo in common with a feather?† â€Å"What is the longest place name in the world?† â€Å"Can green ideas sleep furiously?† â€Å"Rim ember us poke in cent tense all mow stall ways con deigns word snot in then did.† These are just a few of the topics you will find under A Web of Linguistic Fun. Phantom Linguist, Bucknell University Professor Robert Beard, provides a unique collection of â€Å"fundamental subdisciplines of linguistics†(1). The website introduces linguisticRead MoreE-Business Website Evaluation1053 Words   |  5 PagesName e-Business Website Evaluation Due Date Week 4 – Fri, 2013, 5:00 pm Worth 10% (45 marks) Course Objectives This assessment task relates to the following course objectives: †¢ discuss the meaning of e-Commerce from a business and technical perspective †¢ appreciate the business environments conducive to the use of successful e-Commerce applications †¢ compare and report on the types of e-Commerce and their application to business †¢ review the technologies used toRead MoreWebsite Credibility Evaluation Essay857 Words   |  4 PagesEvaluation of Website Credibility Evaluation of Website Credibility Familydoctor.org is a website that offers information on a health related topics and wellness. This website has a domain of .org which means it is operated by an organization. The main purpose of this website is to provide families with information on health related topics and offer wellness information that will benefit all members of the family. This website was chosen based on theRead MoreEvaluation Of Smart On Fhir Website1123 Words   |  5 PagesEvaluation of SMART on FHIR Introduction According to the HealthIT.gov website, the Strategic Health IT Advanced Research Projects (SHARP) Program is a major collaboration at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the University of Texas at Houston, Harvard University, the Mayo Clinic of Medicine, and Massachusetts General Hospital. SHARP program was chosen as one of the awarded grants to evaluate due to its four clearly set goals. Those four goals focused on achieving breakthrough advancesRead MoreWebsite Or Digital Id Evaluation2414 Words   |  10 PagesAssessment 1: Website or Digital ID Evaluation In such a digital age it is critical to have an strong online presence, now more than ever people are so influenced by what they see online. As a label it is no longer possible to thrive without social media presence, in a recent study it was observed that ‘28% of a users time online is spent on social media, and the average user now logs 1.72 hours a day on social media’ (Adweek.com, 2016). It is important to have an online presence for outbound marketing

Macbeth- Act 1 Journal for Lady Macbeth Free Essays

Act 1 Journal Jabie H. (Scene 5) Journal of Lady Macbeth: After reading the letter Macbeth sent her. â€Å"Blue Jays play dumb and dumber, with and without Yunel Escobar: Perkins†. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth- Act 1 Journal for Lady Macbeth or any similar topic only for you Order Now Toronto Star Thu Sep 20, 2012. Website. My dear Macbeth is now the thane of Cawdor and has been promised to be ‘the future king’ by the three witches, oh how wonderful this is! ‘Queen Lady Macbeth’ I can already feel the royal power. But wait I do worry if Macbeth really has what it takes to capture the crown, even if he has the ambition he does not have the guts to do things that are foul and get the crown. Macbeth is far too kind and naive to go out his ways, just like he was five years ago when he first confessed his love to me, I told him I needed more time, I knew he would come to good use of mine. I never had the eye for Macbeth but I knew I could get power if I married him, since his father was the thane of Glamis, I knew he would inherit the position when his father passes away, but I am not good with patience, when there is a chance to get power I want it done as quickly as possible. When I heard the news that the thane of Glamis fell really ill, I agreed to marry Macbeth under one condition that he would poison his father and inherit the position as the thane of Glamis, and of course Macbeth was easy to convince, since he was madly in love with me. When it came to play the game of power, Macbeth plays dumb and dumber, it was time to give his father the poison, I was watching him that night as he was pouring the poisoned water in his father’s cup, that’s when I saw hesitation in his eyes and his eyes started to tear, I knew he couldn’t do it and would tell his father the truth, so at that moment I had to decide quickly, and I decided to poison his father with or without him. I entered the room before Macbeth had the chance to speak and assured his father that Macbeth couldn’t handle to see him at such ill state, and so I guided Macbeth out of the room and poisoned his father myself. Of course Macbeth wouldn’t forgive me so I convinced him that his father would have died anyway, and this just made the process quicker. Making him the thane of Glamis was one thing, but making him the King is now my priority, the power and richness that comes with the title is far too great to miss, I am ready to murder the King if I have to, Macbeth might not agree, but I can do it with and without him. How to cite Macbeth- Act 1 Journal for Lady Macbeth, Papers

Advantage and Disadvantage of using Social Network for Tourism

Question: Write about theAdvantage and Disadvantage of using Social Network for Tourism. Answer: Introduction The wide spread of the internet as well as the rapid technological advancement have transformed almost all the businesses on the globe especially the tourism. The program of the tourism is significantly reaching the internet nowadays that is crucial since the tourism is a data dependent in addition to details demanding industry (Bramwell, 2011). To manage to decrease on the high risk of exploring which obtain from the experimental attribute of the holiday travel relevant purchases , the travellers ought to obtain lots of the data . The rise of the reputation of the social networking sites has resulted in the social networking being the worldwide trend. After numerous countries obtained the access of the internet, its improve use affected on the economy along with the social life in the early the 20th century (Bramwell, 2011). The social networking is the type of social media which permit the users to connect with others along with create information. The change of the consumer behavi or has influenced the social networking sites that provide platforms for the customers to connect with the company and the other consumers. The explosive growth of the populace of the internet users on the social media websites has had a huge effect on the hospitality in addition to the tourism industry wherein the people are altering the rule of the marketing (Bunakov, Zaitseva, Larionova, Chudnovskiy, Zhukova and Zhukov, 2015). For the company to achieve success the marketers are making decision depending on the requirements of the consumers, the adjustments in the modern society as well as the development of the technology (Zhao, Ritchie and Echtner, 2011). It has been positioned the social networking sites may offer the social communication solutions that might generate the brand consciousness and develop on the good image for the brand. In this research it will highlights the advantage and the disadvantages of using the social network in the tourism business in India. Project objective In this research the objective is to find out the advantages and the disadvantage the social networks bring particularly in the tourism business in India. Project scope This research has been designed to identify the advantage and the disadvantage brought by the social network to the tourism business (Chhetri, Arrowsmith and Corcoran, 2017). In the research the focus of the research is in India which has diverse culture and language where different tourist explore on the various sceneries. Literature review Over the last few years the social network has become a catchphrase particularly in the tourism business in India. At the business level the social network has been found to provide establishment as well as the maintenance of the brand image and reputation which lead to the generation of the growth in business (Okazaki, Andreu and Campo, 2017). The social network has led to advantage and disadvantage in the tourism business in India, these have been highlighted as follows; Advantages of the social network in tourism business Influence on the consumer behaviors The photo and the video sharing has been the norm in the 21st Century. Individuals are able to connect with their friends as well as their family through the social media, particularly in the social network sites. Individuals are able to view what exactly is occurring on the globe (Okazaki, Andreu and Campo, 2017). The tourism company in India will take this opportunity of the social networks to appeal to the clients by means of sharing of photos and videos of the most effective sceneries in the country (Chhetri, Arrowsmith and Corcoran, 2017). Based on research it reveals that greater than 20% of the internet users, who are the enthusiasts of a particular brand on the social networks carry out a travelling brand (Mahajan, 2015). The followers or maybe the visitors of the tourism businesses can look at the reviews of the clientele whenever the loyal client upload photos of the hotels, attractions and restaurants independently websites. In accordance with Manap Adzharudin (2013) emph asizes that the visitors frequently base their expectations on the other travellers encounters to be able to acquire a number of advantageous details as they can and prevent liability. Creation of the brand awareness and the building of the image The tourism businesses in India have participated on the social networks, which has assisted them to build on the image as well as publicize their business as the reputation arises (Sigala, Christou and Gretzel, 2012). Persuasive the customers that their funds is going to be very well spent on the deals they provide is a difficult thing particularly if they are going to return to the business which supports generate the brand awareness (Garca-Villaverde, Elche, Martnez-Prez and Ruiz-Hortega, 2017). The social network sites have been discovered to generate positive or even negative ways. It does not matter whether it is a small venture, once the business get involved with the social network sites, the data which they present available is essential because it impact their business one way or the other. Every reply or even review is important to be able to sustain on the brand image of the company (Sigala, Christou and Gretzel, 2012). Numerous tourism enterprise in India are using the s ocial network for their own benefits. The response to the client is usually to be responded with morality to have the ability to secure their brand and image no matter if the review are interpreted as either good or perhaps bad. Based on Mahmoodet al 2012, claims that with the rapid in the altering in the technological know-how it will be impossible for almost any tourism business to disregard the social media. In India, Kashir tourism have been using twitter aggressively to enable market on their brand image as well as awareness. Cost and the time effectiveness Many tourism businesses in India are much aware of the social network sites on their importance for them to gain popularity and create the awareness of their brand. An example of this has been the Kerala tourism Monsoon campaign which was done in the Facebook (Vsquez, G.A.N. and Escamilla, 2014). The essence of this campaign was to market their company and make them popular thus creating the brand image (Luo and Zhong, 2015). The tourism industries have taken on the part in the social networking by staying active online to be able not miss out any specific posts. The business are working to invest a lot more in the social media in relation to the personnel and the time since presently this is not such a high investment (Luo and Zhong, 2015). Each one of these investment of time and money on the social network are thought to be very affordable nevertheless they accommodate effective as well as efficient utilization of the tools of marketing. The social network are convenient because t hey permit the easy the use of the client replies (Scott, Baggio and Cooper, 2008). Additionally, the tourism business in India have found that through use of better communication technologies helps to bring more efficiencies, and team work in the organization. Disadvantages of social network in tourism business The use of the social network in the tourism business in India has encountered several drawbacks which has affected the industry to a great extent (Tussyadiah and Pesonen, 2016). On the first disadvantage is on the issue of a possible violation of the privacy which is a current topic that could impact on the approach of the organization to the social media (Luo and Zhong, 2015). Everything that the tourism business write provides a given level of perception about them and anything which they undertake, even if it is uncomplimentary or perhaps confidential (Luo and Zhong, 2015). The internet have been found not to forget and the reputation of the organization could be affected negatively in a short period. Currently, every business is obliged to actively engage in the social networks. The wide range of the possibilities as a result of thing is undoubtedly a merit, the risk of over linking could lead to confusion as well as disorientation, with the more customer contacts than one could realistically be able to manage (Okazaki, Andreu and Campo, 2017). All the tourism business in India agrees that the social network should be done well and it entails times as well as dedication. In the event that it is not research properly and not maintained well, it could have reversed effect since the content is important. As described by Racoma (2007) the downside of the social network paradoxically comes from the truth that it is social. Exactly like any population or maybe a group within the populace , the social networking could be gamed or perhaps manipulated by exactly what we describes as the dominant factions (Luo and Zhong, 2015). With the rise of the utilization of the social network in the tourism business in India there was proliferation of the unsolicited business content, an intentional self-promotion along with savvy spammers, all intentional to the incremental cost as well as little chance of being caught (Tinsley and Lynch, 2007). These online cheaters are able to deliver the wrong message about the tourism organization to the consumer about the business and are able to damage on the brand image which is irrevocable (Zehrer and Raich, 2010). The accessibility of these tools could an advantage particularly to the other users hence allowing them to abuse as the control of what is being p osted is very limited. Another disadvantage which has been observed by the tourism business in India in regards to the social networking is the issue of the content delivery (Tinsley and Lynch, 2007). The social networks demands updated content which is consistent to be able to motivate the consumer in order to engage (Manap and Adzharudin, 2013). Moreover, according to Manap and Adzharudin (2009), it is easy to use the social network tools but very hard to maintain and take a significant time which most of the business in tourism have never considered as an important element which could impact on the balance between the workers appointed to the communication channels to deliver the content (Luo and Zhong, 2015). On the contrary, the information could overload and the social network could be regarded as disadvantage as a result of the burnt out users. Conclusion The social network sites strategy has been getting popular particularly in the tourism business in India. Many of the organization started on using the social network for intent to communication. When it comes to the tourism business, communication among the customers continues to be an impact to the way the client render their decision for destination. The social network has offered opportunity to the tourism industry to interact with the clients in addition to their staff in a way which is quick and efficient way. The wide connection of the social network is an excellent way particularly in the spreading of the data around the world, for example the promotion of the business in addition to building on the image for a given brand. Furthermore, it is a much convenient for the tourism business to target their client by utilizing the information due to the client who registered an account on the social network. Moreover, as much as the social network has brought many advantages to the tourism business in India there are also disadvantages which are associated with it such as the time intensive, content delivery, as well as the violation of the privacy References Bramwell, B., 2011. Governance, the state and sustainable tourism: A political economy approach. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(4-5), pp.459-477. Bunakov, O.A., Zaitseva, N.A., Larionova, A.A., Chudnovskiy, A.D., Zhukova, M.A. and Zhukov, V.A., 2015. Research on the evolution of management concepts of sustainable tourism and hospitality development in the regions. Journal of Sustainable Development, 8(6), p.39. Chhetri, A., Chhetri, P., Arrowsmith, C. and Corcoran, J., 2017. Modelling tourism and hospitality employment clusters: a spatial econometric approach. Tourism Geographies, 19(3), pp.398-424. Garca-Villaverde, P.M., Elche, D., Martnez-Prez, . and Ruiz-Hortega, M.J., 2017. Determinants of radical innovation in clustered firms of the hospitality and tourism industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 61, pp.45-58. Luo, Q. and Zhong, D., 2015. Using social network analysis to explain communication characteristics of travel-related electronic word-of-mouth on social networking sites. Tourism Management, 46, pp.274-282. Mahajan, R., 2015. Use of social media as a new investigative tool in marketing research for small business. International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning, 5(3), p.129. Mahmood, A. and others, (2012).Social Medias Influence on Hospitality Tourism Management. Journal of Business Hotel Management. Manap, K.A. and Adzharudin, N.A., 2013. The Role of User Generated Content (UGC) in Social Media for Tourism Sector. In The 2013 WEI International Academic Conference Proceedings (pp. 52-58). Okazaki, S., Andreu, L. and Campo, S., 2017. Knowledge Sharing Among Tourists via Social Media: A Comparison Between Facebook and TripAdvisor. International Journal of Tourism Research, 19(1), pp.107-119. Scott, N., Baggio, R. and Cooper, C., 2008. Network analysis and tourism: From theory to practice (Vol. 35). Channel View Publications. Sigala, M., Christou, E. and Gretzel, U. eds., 2012. Social media in travel, tourism and hospitality: Theory, practice and cases. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Tinsley, R. and Lynch, P.A., 2007. Small business networking and tourism destination development: A comparative perspective. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 8(1), pp.15-27. Tussyadiah, I.P. and Pesonen, J., 2016. Drivers and barriers of peer-to-peer accommodation stayan exploratory study with American and Finnish travellers. Current Issues in Tourism, pp.1-18. Vsquez, G.A.N. and Escamilla, E.M., 2014. Best practice in the use of social networks marketing strategy as in SMEs. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 148, pp.533-542. Zehrer, A. and Raich, F., 2010. Applying a lifecycle perspective to explain tourism network development. The Service Industries Journal, 30(10), pp.1683-1705. Zhao, W., Ritchie, J.B. and Echtner, C.M., 2011. Social capital and tourism entrepreneurship. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), pp.1570-1593.

Behavioral Curriculum Model Essay Example

Behavioral Curriculum Model Essay Behavioral Curriculum Model Susan McIntosh CE420: Curriculum Development Professor Katherine Berry October 20, 2012 Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and Ill guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. John Watson, Behaviorism, 1930 Behaviorism is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behavior is acquired through conditioning (Behaviorism, 2012). I will address how behavioral perspective connects to early childhood theory. I will also discuss if the behavioral model is supported by current breakthroughs in brain research, relevant current trends and best practices used in private and community schools. I will then explain how the behavioral model support best practices like DAP and maximizes student development in the Cognitive, Language, Affective, Aesthetic, Physical, and Social domains. Finally, I will conclude by either defending the curriculum model or questioning it based on my examination. We know that human beings are creatures of habit and studying past behavior patterns of humans in a given situation helps to anticipate future behavior in a similar situation (Answers, 2012). Behavior perspective connects to early childhood theory in several different ways. One way is that researchers have shown that deficits in language development, such as specific language impairment are related to deficits in various psychosocial outcomes. We will write a custom essay sample on Behavioral Curriculum Model specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Behavioral Curriculum Model specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Behavioral Curriculum Model specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer B. F. Skinner studied operant conditioning by conducting experiments using animals. Skinner identified three types of responses or operant that can be used to follow behavior. The first response is the neutral operant which is the responses from the environment the neither increases or decreases the probability of a behavior being repeated. The second response is the reinforcers which are the responses from the environment that increases the probability of a behavior being repeated. Reinforcers can either be negative or positive. The third response is the punisher which is the response from the environment that decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Punishment weakens behavior. Skinner showed how positive reinforcement strengthens a behavior. Skinner also showed how negative reinforcement worked and could also strengthen behavior when an unpleasant reinforce was removed (McLeod, 2007). John B. Watson coined the term â€Å"Behaviorism† in 1913. Behaviorism assumes that behavior is observable and can be correlated with other observable events. There are events that precede and follow behavior. The goal of behaviorism is to explain relationships between antecedent conditions (stimuli), behavior (responses), and consequences (reward, punishment, or neutral effect). Watson stated in his autobiographical sketch I never wanted to use human subjects. I hated to serve as a subject. I didnt like the stuffy, artificial instructions given to subjects. I always was uncomfortable and acted unnaturally. With animals I was at home. If felt that, in studying them, I was keeping close to biology with my feet on the ground. More and more the thought presented itself; can’t I find out by watching their behavior everything that the other students are finding out by using [human subjects]? †(Watson, 1913). There are seven different areas that brain research will shift the current behavioral orientation of teaching and learning. The first area is brain imaging which is a relatively recent development of neuro-imaging technologies escalated the scientific study of our brain and cognition. The second area is the mirroring system which is parental genetic information combines to provide a developing embryo with the necessary bodybuilding directions. The third area is called the plastic brain which changes occur in the organization of our brain at the cellular and network levels whenever we learn, remember and forget. The forth area is called arousing phenomena which is where emotion and attention are our brain’s activation system, in that are brain will only respond to emotionally arousing phenomena. The fifth area is called hemispheric specialization which is where the cerebrum at the top of our brain processes conscious thought and behavior. The sixth area is called the arts and humanities which effectively incorporate the urricular mix in that they combine the best representations of our cultural history and the creative explorations of new cultural challenges. The seven and final area is called conscious learning which provides us with a unified sense of self, a subjective awareness of our existence and of the environment we inhabit (Sylwester, 2012). Trend is a pattern of gradual change in a condition, output, or pro cess, or an average or general tendency of a series of data points to move in a certain direction over time, represented by a line or curve on a graph (Dictionary, 2012). There are several different current trends that are related to behavior models. The first current trend would have to be the use of the internet or social media as a teaching tool. This is great way for students to find information that they are looking for to help them to excess in school. Another current trend is for the teacher to pay close attention to each student’s needs. Educators are looking at their class as a collection; they seem them as individuals who have different needs. Another current trend in students teaching teachers which is that students perform better when they have the opportunity to tell the teacher what things in the classroom needs improvement. Finally, how the condition of education facilities affect performance which means the better the building’s condition, the better the students and the teachers perform (Teachnology, 2012). There are several best practices that are used in private and community schools that regard behavior. The first one is that students are acknowledged for demonstrating expected behavior. Another is that consistent consequences are applied for inappropriate behavior across staff and settings. Another is that data on student behavior are collected and used to inform and improve the behavioral system. Another is that all staff understands and implements the school-wide discipline system with fidelity. Finally schools receive support at district level in implementing positive school-wide discipline system (NYSED, 2012). Cognitive is pertaining to the mental processes of perception, memory, judgment, and reasoning, as contrasted with emotional and volitional processes (Dictionary, 2012). Social cognitive theory refers to a psychological model of behavior that emerged from the work of Albert Bandura. It was initially with an emphasis on social behavior, SCT continue to emphasize that learning occurs in a social context and that much of what was learned was gained through observation. SCT rests on several basic assumptions about learning and behavior. One assumption concerns the view that personal, behavioral, and environmental factors influence one another. Another assumption is that people have the ability to influence their own behavior and the environment in a purposeful way. The final assumption is that learning can occur without an immediate change in behavior (Denler, Wolton, amp; Benzon, 2012). Language is a body of words and the systems for their use common to a people who are of the same community or nation, the same geographical area, or the same cultural tradition (Dictionary, 2012). Some behaviors that a common with children beginning to acquire another language that may be misinterpreted as challenging behavior would be no talking, difficulty following directions, difficulty expressing ideas and feelings, and difficulty responding to questions consistently. Social interaction can affect language by the way that they learn to communicate with others. Affective describes something that evokes feelings. It also describes emotional actions or actions driven by feelings (YourDictionary, 2012). There are several different things that affect behavior. The first way is that negative or positive emotions can affect behavior. Another way is how our attitude can affect our behavior can affect our goals, aspirations, and our expected responses to things. Finally, how one person’s behavior can affect another person’s behavior in either a negative or positive way. Aesthetic domain is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature and expression of beauty, as in the fine arts (FreeDictionary, 2012). Thomas Malthus had an enormous influence on the developmental of environmental ethnic through his theory about population growth There are several different ways of how aesthetic can affect behavior. The first way was that Malthus believed that if the natural forces of war, famine, and disease did not reduce the rate of growth of the human population, it would increase to the point where it could not be sustained by natural resources. Theodore Roosevelt was at the forefront of the conservation movement that developed in America. Another way was when the country’s natural resources where threatened, like the diminishing stocks of forests, rangeland water, and mineral resources (Environmental Ethnic, 2012). Physical domain always refers to the physiological changes that happen in the body. These changes include both your manipulative (small) and gross (large motor skills. Which are both apart of sensory motor development. It also includes include how we see, taste, and hear which happen to be part of the nervous system development. Physical development can definitely affect behavior we need to use positive behavior supports like treating each other with compassion and respect. We need to help each other during difficult times. We need to not use negative behavior supports like using physical contact in a way that could cause damage to someone else. We need to also remember to use the old adages â€Å"Treat others the way you want to be treated. † Social domain is the pattern or process of change exhibited by individuals resulting from their interaction with other individuals, social institutions, social customs, etc (Social Development, 2012). Social development can support behavior in both a positive and negative way. One of the positive ways that social development can support behavior is on how we treat each other. If we treat each other with respect, than we need to be treated with the same respect. We need to treat each other with the same love that we get from God. God knows what we are going to do before we actually do it and he still loves us no matter what. One of the negative ways to be disrespectful to others and to want to do things that can be harmful. God does not want us to hurt each other because he considers all of us as his sons and daughters and he does not like it when one of his children is being hurt. I would definitely defend the behavioral model because I feel that everything you do in this world depends on our behavior. I have learned that all of the different models depend on each other to make the reading process be so successful. The saying that I heard from my grandparents, parents, teachers and the same saying that I even use on my children, grandchildren, and students would be â€Å"Do unto others as you would have others do unto you†. This saying is from the bible Matthew 7:12. I have always understood this to mean that if you want to be treated with kindness and respect than you need to treat others in the same manner. I have addressed how the behavioral model connects to early childhood theory. I also discussed how the behavioral model was supported by current breakthroughs in brain research, relevant current trends and best practices used in private and community schools. I have also explained how the behavioral model supported best practices like in the Cognitive, Language, Affective, Aesthetic, Physical, and Social domains. Finally, I addressed why I defended the behavioral model. Plato said â€Å"Human behavior flows from three main sources: desire, motion, and knowledge†. References Aesthetics definition of aesthetics. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. yourdictionary. com Affective/Easy to Understand Definition of Affective. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. yourdictionary. com Aro, T. , Eklund, K. , Nurmi, J. , amp; Poikkeus, A. (2012). Early Language and Behavioral Regulation Skills as Predictors of Social Outcomes. Journal of Speech, Language amp; Hearing Research, 55(2), 395-408. doi:10. 044/1092-4388(2011/10-0245) BEHAVIOR SUPPORT GUIDELINES: For Support Workers Paid With Developmental Services Funds. (2004). Retrieved from http://www. ddas. vermont. gov Current Trends in Education. (2012). Retrieved from www. teach-nology. com Define Cognitive. (2012). Retrieved from www. dictionary. com Define Language. (2012). Retrieved from www. dictionary. com Denler, H. , Wolton, C. , amp; Benzon, M. (2012). Social Cognitive Theory. Retrieved from www. education. com Environmental Ethics Key Issues, Environmental Attitudes. (2012). Retrieved from http://science. rank. org Jarosik, J. J. , Legutko, B. B. , Werner, S. S. , Unsicker, K. K. , amp; von Bohlen und Halbach, O. O. (2011). Roles of exogenous and endogenous FGF-2 in animal models of depression. Restorative Neurology amp; Neuroscience, 29(3), 153-165 McLeod, S. (2007). Skinner- Operant Conditioning. Retrieved from www. simplepsychology. org Quality Indicator Review and Resource Guides for Behavioral Supports and Interventions – Positive Behavioral Systems. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. p12. nysed. gov Physical Medical Definition and More from Merriam-Webster/ (2012). Retrieved from http://www. merriam-webster. com Social Development | Definition. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. education. com Sylwester, R. (2012). Cognitive Neuroscience Discoveries and Educational Practices. Retrieved from https://www. aasa. org Watson, J. (1913). John Watson and Behaviorism. Retrieved from www. psych. utah. edu What is Behaviorism? (2012). Retrieved from www. psychology. about. com What is the Importance of Human Behavior? (2012). Retrieved from www. answers. com What is a trend? (2012). Retrieved from http://www. businessdictionary. com

Evolution of Eye Color in Humans

Evolution of Eye Color in Humans The earliest human ancestors are believed to have come from the continent of Africa. As primates adapted and then branched off into many different species on the tree of life, the lineage that eventually became our modern day human beings appeared. Since the equator cuts directly through the continent of Africa, the countries there receive almost direct sunlight all year long. This direct sunlight, with ultraviolet rays, and the warm temperatures it brings pressure for the natural selection of dark skin color. Pigments, like melanin in the skin, protect against these harmful rays of the sun. This kept individuals with darker skin alive longer and they would reproduce and pass down the dark-skinned genes to their offspring. Genetic Basis of Eye Color The main gene that controls eye color is relatively closely linked to the genes that cause skin color. It is believed that the ancient human ancestors all had dark brown or nearly black colored eyes and very dark hair (which is also controlled by linked genes to eye color and skin color). Even though brown eyes are still considered mostly dominant overall eye colors, there are several different eye colors readily seen now in the global population of human beings. So where did all of these eye colors come from? While evidence is still being collected, most scientists agree that the natural selection for the lighter eye colors is linked to the relaxation of selection for the darker skin tones. As human ancestors began to migrate to various places around the world, the pressure for selection of dark skin color was not as intense. Particularly unnecessary to human ancestors that settled in what are now the Western European nations, selection for dark skin and dark eyes was no longer necessary for survival. These much higher latitudes afforded different seasons and no direct sunlight like near the equator on the continent of Africa. Since the selection pressure was no longer as intense, genes were more likely to mutate. Eye color is a bit complex when talking about genetics. The color of human eyes is not dictated by a single gene like many of the other traits. It is instead considered a polygenic trait, meaning there are several different genes on various chromosomes that carry information about what eye color an individual should possess. These genes, when expressed, then blend together to make various shades of different colors. Relaxed selection for dark eye color also allowed more mutations to take hold. This created even more alleles available to combine together in the gene pool to create different eye colors. Individuals who can trace their ancestors to Western European countries generally have a lighter skin color and lighter eye color than those from other parts of the world. Some of these individuals also have shown parts of their DNA that were very similar to those of the long-extinct Neanderthal lineage. Neanderthals were thought to have lighter hair and eye colors than their Homo sapien cousins. The Continuing of Evolution New eye colors could possibly continue to evolve as mutations build up over time. Also, as individuals of various shades of eye colors breed with one another, the blending of those polygenic traits may also result in the emergence of new shades of eye color. Sexual selection may also explain some of the different eye colors that have popped up over time. Mating, in humans, tends to be non-random and as a species, we are able to choose our mates based on desirable characteristics. Some individuals may find one eye color much more appealing over another and choose a mate with that color of eyes. Then, those genes are passed down to their offspring and continue to be available in the gene pool.

A Haunted House by Virginia Woolf Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A Haunted House by Virginia Woolf - Essay Example Therefore, I became suspicious. Were their characters in the story, I could have understood from the beginning the characters, I had to figure out them myself. However, I had to read further into the story. I faced difficulties trying to connect the story’s stages with the object searched. The suspense increased when the narrator talked about trees swaying and darkening (A Haunted House Summary .com. np). Although I could figure out ghostly feelings, I wondered what could shake and searched. My thoughts lingered from human being to ghosts, but I could not conclude. On the either hand, with characterization, I could have easily understood the message of the story. I had to re-read it to bring out a slight meaning from the used pronouns. In fact, I kept on wondering how the ghost could search something I do not know in a house with occupants without harming them. The narrator says that she and her husband were asleep during that search. From downstairs to upstairs to the bedroom, they searched for ‘’it’’. In the last paragraph, the narrator speaks of a ‘’he’’ finding a treasured ‘’she’’ and saying the treasure to be safe. In surmise throughout the story, it was difficult to figure out the subject matter, the object and the possessions used (Woolf

Human resource development-A practitioners perspective Essay

Human resource development-A practitioners perspective - Essay Example The HR practitioner has to perceive a multi-dimensional view of organizational aims to correlate with the employees' goals. A human resource professional has to concentrate on three main functions performance, feedback and counseling. These three are important functions of an HR team. The entire organizational objectives circumvent in-between these three functions. The present paper analyses the interrelation among these three functions and highlights their significance in enhancing organization performance. The figure depicts the three import operational features which has much significance in development of an individual profitable to an organization.. Ignorance of one function will effect on the overall performance of an organization as it is similar to farming. Planting the seeds and leaving its fate doesn't yield the required crop. Similarly setting performance targets and initiating them doesn't guaranty good results. Employees should be made accountable and responsible to the work they are carrying out at the work station. To monitor the performance, performance appraisals are put in place. The underperformers and the star performers can be identified by these appraisals. The star performers are rewarded and encouraged. The underperformer is counseled to c apture his mindset and the HR team tries to tune with the party. The functions are interrelated to each other as performance management initiates the process of working; it educates the employees on the steps to execute and at regular intervals appraisals keeps monitoring the standards to keep them aloft. Whenever there is a requirement the individuals are counseled to elevate their thought, values and goals towards the organizational goals Performance Appraisal Performance Management Career counseling Performance management -Performance appraisals-Career counseling Performance is an important operational toll of the HR department. Performance management sets the direction for inducting the future aspirations and objectives of an organization. An organization has to set the level of standard they were aspiring to reach their objectives. The employees' abilities are to fine tuned towards the fulfillment of this objective. Performance has to identify the section and field and level of operations that require attention and approach that aspect. The HR Performance Management Model has to focus on decision-making and accountability at the level where the work is done, development of a service culture that rewards team performance, and integration of operations. The success of the HR departments depends on the adoption of a customer service orientation, a flexible attitude to mould according to current requirements, and streamlined business processes supported by networked administrative systems. For an effective organizational performance first we ne ed to frame performance management plan leads to performance development process comprising performance appraisal and career counseling. The performance management has to look into the aspects like previous achievements, the previous setbacks new challenges. The current employees' standards, the current skill levels of the

Study skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Study skills - Essay Example In the backdrop of this, we shall take an in-depth view of some the policies that Mayor Johnson has proposed for the City of London, in particular those that address environmental concerns. Additionally, we shall review the powers and responsibilities of the Greater London Authority and the Mayor of London so that we may understand their scope in administrative matters. A thorough scrutiny of some of polices stipulated by the mayor shall also be reviewed in this essay. One of the main responsibilities of Mayor Johnson is to promote economic development and creation of wealth. Being the executive of the strategic authority of London, the mayor is mandated to ensure that there are avenues for job creation and a good atmosphere for doing business. Availability of jobs and the abundance of business opportunities open up room for economic development in the city. The mayor is also mandated to create policies and strategic plans to address transportation, development and planning, environmental issues, health, economic development, culture and housing issues. With the aid of bodies mandated to carry out specific functions, such as Transport for London, the mayor is able to implement these policies. Appointment of board members of the different functional bodies such as London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority is often done by the mayor. These bodies have specific roles that address different development issues, such as crime and transportation. In addition to this, he can appoint a chair to these boards or chair the boards himself, like he has done with the Metropolitan Police Authority and the Transport of London (Beatley, 2012). As the executive, the mayor sets out annual budgets for funding services in London. This is often done by funding bodies that provide such services. These include; Transport for London, Metropolitan Police Authority (MPA), London Development Agency (LDA),

Advantages of Time Management

Advantages of Time Management What you accomplish during a 24-hour period depends on your own motivation, your energy, your skills and abilities, and other resources. Since there are always demands on your time, it may be helpful to think about what you will do with your time and to consider some strategies for more effective time management. Time management is not a way to make you work harder and longer, but a means to help you work smarter to accomplish your work more easily and rapidly. Benefits of time management: If you can manage your time more effectively, you will be rewarded in a variety of ways: Efficient: You will be more efficient in serving your district and will be able to support your clubs better. Successful: You will achieve greater success in your very important, and highly visible, role as a Lions Leader. Healthy: On a personal level, you will certainly feel healthier, more energetic, and in a generally better mood. -Obstacles to effective time management: There are a lot of things that make it difficult for us to manage our time effectively. Lets consider some of the most common ones, and see if they apply to us: Unclear objectives: Its hard to hit a target with your eyes closed, and its just as hard to accomplish something when you arent exactly clear about what you want to achieve. Disorganization: Its easy to see when your desk is too messy, but sometimes you have to step back and ask yourself if you are taking an organized approach in completing all of your tasks. Inability to say no: We all want to be as helpful as we can when others need us, but this can mean taking time away from other priorities to do something we may not have planned. Interruptions: Many times we are in the middle of accomplishing something really important and the telephone rings. These calls can not only take you away from your task, but sometimes they interrupt your train of thought and you cant return to where you were without retracing your steps. More interruptions: We all like to visit with others, but conversations at inappropriate times can cost us time when we have to stop what we are doing and redirect ourselves from our plans. Periods of inactivity: As much as we think we are busy, there are times in our day when we are not really doing anything. Recognizing and making use of these times can have a positive effect on our efforts. Too many things at once: Many of our tasks are not routines. They require concentration to detail. When we are attempting to do too many different things at one time, each individual task suffers as a result. Stress and fatigue: Everyone experiences stress from time to time, and sometimes we actually operate a little better when there is some level of stress. Too much stress, on the other hand, causes our work to suffer and wears us down physically and mentally. Dealing with stress is an important part of time management. All work and no play: Most successful people know how to balance work and play. When work takes over your life, you not only give your body little time to re-energize, but you may end up sacrificing the really important things in life like family and friends. What can we do? The obstacles that we face are not insurmountable. Sometimes, the hardest thing to do is to identify that these obstacles exist and are affecting your ability to manage your time. When you have identified your obstacles you can begin to overcome them. Strategies you can use to overcome the obstacles we just examined: Set goals The first, and most important strategy you can employ to manage your time is to set clear goals for yourself. As a Lions leader, you will want to accomplish many things in your time of office. The best favor you can do for yourself is to determine what those goals are and make sure your efforts are always directed toward their achievement. Effective goals share a number of characteristics in common. Effective goals are: Specific: When a goal is too vague, you may never know how to reach it or even when you have reached it. Make sure that you know exactly what you hope to achieve Measurable: When you have a goal that is measurable, you will know how far you have to go to reach the goal, and when you get there Achievable: It is commendable to set your sights high, but sometimes we try to accomplish more than we can actually do. Training and certifying ten Certified Guiding Lions in your district in one year may or may not be achievable at this time for a number of reasons. Your goals should be such that, if you extend yourself you can just reach them. Realistic: Can you establish a program in your district to help everyone with vision problems? It is certainly a worthwhile goal, but it may not be realistic at this time. It might be better to work on setting up a program with schools to provide vision testing and eyeglasses for disadvantaged children. Time-based: Most of the goals that you establish in your position as a Lions leader will not be long-term. It is important to set time guidelines for your goals, so that you can keep track of your progress as you are going along and can be alert to when you are falling behind schedule. Prioritize As a leader in your club or district, you will be faced with many tasks. It is safe to say that you will not be able to do everything, so it is wise to periodically make a list of the tasks that confront you and prioritize them. The following technique may be helpful in prioritizing: Do: Determine from the list the things you think are most important to accomplish, and are things you should do yourself. Delegate: Remember that there many Lions within your district with skills, experience, and motivation to carry out a wide variety of tasks. A truly effective district governor understands that real leaders do not try to accomplish everything themselves and recognizes that some things are better handled by others. Delegating not only frees up your time for other things, it ensures that resources are used wisely and that Lions who want to help are motivated and involved. Delay until another time: Some things can wait. The danger is delaying too many things until deadlines are near. The best policy here is to consider when things are due, how long it will take to accomplish them, and what your current workload will allow. For instance, registrations and request forms that are not yet due could be sent to LCI earlier if you have time. It makes sense to delay things that are not due when you are overburdened and to accomplish them ahead of time when you can. Delete: If you have set goals using the guidelines we mentioned earlier, you may recognize that some of them are not achievable or realistic, or that they are just not important. A good leader knows when to concentrate on the important and eliminate the rest. It is important when you have prioritized your tasks that you: Address the urgent: Take care of things with short-term consequences as soon as possible. Accomplish what you can early: Reports, registrations, requests that can be handled early should come next. Dont put off until tomorrow what you can do today. Attach deadlines to things you delay: When you have determined that something can definitely wait, dont just toss it aside until later. Establish a deadline for the task in your schedule, and make a note to remind you to begin working on it. Organize As you prioritize tasks and set deadlines, you will want to organize your plans and actions. Some of you may be more comfortable using paper and pencil, so I urge you to make use of a planner with a calendar and plenty of space to make notes. Many planners contain not only calendar space, but also room for daily activities, contact information, and to do lists. Find a planner that fits your needs and use it. You will find this to be an indispensable tool for managing your time. Maybe you use, or would consider using, a computer to help in organizing your time. Todays computers often come equipped with software programs that include calendars, task lists, reminders, and contact information. If your computer does not have such a function, software is readily available that you can install. Learn when to say NO The strategies we have mentioned so far have all concerned common business practices. Now I would like to address some more personal strategies that you can apply to your life. These also have a great impact on how effectively you manage your time. The first of these strategies is being able to say NO when it is appropriate. Your life in Lions has always been about giving all that you can to serve your community. That doesnt change, but as your duties expand as a Lions leader you will find you are called on to do much more than you have ever been asked to do before. When you learn to say NO you are not closing the door on your responsibilities, but rather you are making sure that you can meet your commitments and accomplish the maximum possible in the time available to you. To be able to say NO you will have to accept these three principles: * I realize that I cant do everything * I wont agree to undertake a task or project that I know I will not be able to complete in the timeframe required * I will not make commitments that are not consistent with the goals and objectives I have set for myself -Use your waiting time Another personal time management skill is to make good use of your waiting time. Have you ever thought about how much time you spend doing nothing during an average day? Usually this is not a situation where you planned to do nothingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it just happened. Think about all of the things you could accomplish if you could make use of this time. For instance: Time you spend commuting on a train or bus Time you wait at the doctor or dentist office for your appointment Time you spend on a plane, waiting for your plane, or the time you spend waiting for your baggage Time you spend on hold on the telephone Time you spend when you arrive at work or at a meeting earlier than you had anticipated There are two ways to look at these periods of time. You can either consider them as wastes of time or as gifts of time. If you choose to think of them as gifts of time, you can use them as opportunities to accomplish routine tasks that are necessary, but dont require large periods of time. Most successful people have already found that there are a number of things that they can accomplish while they wait. The trick to making use of your waiting time is to always make sure you have something with you that you can accomplish in the event that you are kept waiting. For instance: Reading correspondence: Take your mail with you and read it while you are waiting or traveling. Some PDAs have e-mail capability, so you can read your e-mail on a train or plane or at the doctors office. Writing letters or memos: While you wait, you can take out a notepad or use a PDA to write letters or memos. This could also be a good time to update your planner. Reading or listening to tapes: Carry a book or magazine or a tape with you. You can also download books and articles to your PDA. There is often no time in your schedule to keep current on books or articles related to your business or to self-improvement. Instead of being impatient when you are delayed, this could be a perfect time to advance your own knowledge and skills. Concentrate on the task at hand You will be juggling many tasks while you serve as a Lions leader. There is no way around this fact. But one important strategy to keep in mind is to concentrate completely on the current task. Concentration can be difficult when you have a lot on your mind. Your time will be better spent if you are able to: Focus on your goal: You may have many commitments and many concerns, but you will accomplish more when you keep focused on the one task you are performing at the moment Tune out interruptions: You will find your concentration is at its highest level when you can set aside times during the day when you will not answer the phone or schedule visitors. You cant isolate yourself all of the time, but by avoiding interruptions for specific periods of time, you may find you can accomplish tasks successfully in far less time than you anticipated. When you must respond to phone calls, be assertive in minimizing interruptions by asking if you can call back at another time or meet another day. Consider your personal prime time Are you one of those people who gets up before the sun rises and starts working? Is the early evening, after the evening meal, your time to work? Or are you someone who prefers to wait until the quiet of the late night hours to do the really hard tasks? Everyone is different. Most research shows that tasks that take the most mental concentration are most effectively accomplished early in the day, but even these studies acknowledge that this is not always true, and that everyone has a personal prime time. When you plan your tasks, think about your own prime time. If you do your best work early, plan to do the routine tasks later in the day and concentrate on the more challenging tasks when you are at your best. If you dont really get going until later, handle the routines in the morning and save the more difficult tasks for later. Celebrate your success Celebrate the achievement of your goals to maintain a healthy balance in life between work and play. Reward yourself when you complete a task or finish a project. If you worked in a team setting, or delegated some tasks to others, reward the efforts of all involved. Celebration is a vital part of all project management. No matter how tight your schedule looks, this is TIME WELL SPENT! Conclusion Finally, as time management skills develop, your stress and anxiety levels will go down and productivity will go up Time management tools which include day planners, to-do lists, weekly and long-term calendars will increase organization and help eliminate procrastination.

The Controversy Over the Electoral College System Essay -- Politics Po

The Controversy Over the Electoral College System A number of Americans fail to realize that when they vote they are not voting for the president and vice-president directly, but for electors who then cast their ballots in the Electoral College. Until the recent battle between Gov. George W. Bush and Vice-president Al Gore for the presidency, this new generation of American voters has never witnessed a controversial election. Historically, there have been problematic elections allowing voters to question this system. The Electoral College is now a process open to criticism and debate, specifically because many do not understand its origin or purpose today. On November 7, 2000, Election Day, I was excited to become an official voter. Considering myself mature, responsible, and finally of age to vote, I had mailed my registration, received my voter’s card, ready to become a participant in one of the most crucial events of the year. I was a faithful supporter of my candidate, crossing my fingers in hopes of victory. That night I watched CNN, eating my dinner and sipping a Diet Coke when the station announced Al Gore had won Florida, which held twenty-five electoral votes. Two hundred and seventy are needed to win, and presidential candidates Bush and Gore had switched leads all night. Each state held a close percentage ranging from an average 2-6 percent difference in votes between candidates. Florida had been anticipated as a Republican victory, which led to disappointment among Republican voters when its electoral votes were awarded to Al Gore. I continued to watch as each state was announced and electoral votes were awarded to either candidate. About an hour later, Florida became â€Å"too close to call† and CNN among other st... ... situation may cause discouragement in some voters, but in others motivation to become a participant in voting for entrusted electors to select our next president. Between the presidential candidates, whomever wins among this controversy should be respected and relied upon to reunite a divided country. Americans must have faith in a system that despite its flaws works and has set us apart from other nations in our freedoms and rights. Works Cited Best, Judith A. The Choice of the People? Debating the Electoral College. England: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1996, pgs. 43-44. Glennon, Michael J. When No Majority Rules: The Electoral College and Presidential Succession. Washington D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1993, p.20. Schmidt, Shelley, and Bardes. American Politics and Government Today. Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1999, pgs. 325-327.

Business systems in Japan and China Essay

Introduction After the World War Two, Japan embarked on a journey of reviving its economy. The fast industralisation process is nothing short of spectacular. Japan’s basic infrastructure was basically destroyed in the war and she grew from a war-torn state to a world leading economy in a few decades. This requires good company and government governance, in order to achieve this result. Japan is also a major technology and export hub in Asia and she is currently the world third largest economy by Gross Domestic Product. (World Bank, 2014). Prior to the economic reform of Deng Xiao Peng, the Chinese government has total control of all the State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) under the communist system. It is a very highly centralized system that only the Chinese State government has power and control over it.(Laaksonen, 1988) Under the reformation policy, individuals are allowed to trade and sell surplus products in rural area and small businesses are allowed in urban or city. This marks the start of the China’s Socialist market economy. As a result of the open door policy, Chinese economy grew from a third world country to the second largest economy of the world in less than four decades. (World Bank, 2014) Despite the great differences of these two economy, the fact that its governance and cultures are deeply influence by the idea of Confucianism. (Chan, 1986) Hereby, in this article, discussion will be separated into two parts that are based on the similarities and differences between the two business systems. Differences 1. Keiretsu Vs Reform Policy In Japan, Keiretsu formed the largest business group and its one of the key contributors to the Japan’s economy which usually employed Japanese style of management and system. Zaibatsu was the forerunner of Keiretsu which are family run and it is the main business system before Second World War. There are two types of Keiretsu: namely horizontally organized Keiretsu and vertically organized Keiretsu. In horizontally organized Keiretsu, capital and human resource are closely knitted together and cross directorships and holding of stock among group members are not uncommon. The cross-holding of stock among the top 6 corporate group was as high as 24% (Tokyo Business Times, 1989) in the late eighties. This allows the group to be very close  and strong. Some of the examples of company with this structure are Mitsubishi and Sumitomo. (Okumaru, 1976).The governing of company are handed to professionals or agents to prevent dispute among group members. In vertically organized Keire tsu, it is formed by a huge parent company. She has its own supply distributorships and suppliers. Every flow and operations of the company follows a top to down process so as to control inventories and manufacturing quality. Many small and medium sized enterprises in japan utilize this system. Some of the example of such company are Sony and Toyota. In 1979, China started her reform programme after the initiating of economic open door policy by Deng Xiao Ping. The state government vows to liberalise and modernised China’s key industry like agriculture, technology and defence. More autonomy are given to the State Owned Enterprise to manage their own division. For example: The State Owned Enterprises are given the rights to form their company structure in accordance to the needs of leaner production process or market maximization. Hence, workers are now able to choose and change job with respect to their interest and expertise. This highly promotes the effectiveness of the State Owned Enterprises. (Lichtenstein, 1993) The state government also implements the use of Profit and Loss contract (yinkuibaokan) whereby a portion of the profits are contributed to the state government and the remaining profit can be kept by the State Owned Enterprise. China’s state government also undertake a few other methods to reform, this includes the downsizing of the State Owned Enterprises , setting up of stock exchange in Shanghai and Shenzhen and transformed some important industry to shareholding companies so that it can trade. All in all, this gives rise to the socialist market economy in China whereby capitalism way of managing the economy is enforced. 2. Developing its own industries Vs Foreign Direct Investment Ever since the Second World War, Japan has decided to become an export driven economy, and the Japanese have been fast to recover its economy by competing fiercely in the ever increasingly saturated market. The products they are churning out are of good reliability and they often undercut its co mpetitors by a huge margin to win the contract. As illustrated in the case of Hitachi at a sales presentation in 1985, Hitachi stressed to undercut its competitors severely. (Fallows 1993) Japan owed its rapid industralisation process to the huge domestic exports. The export ranged from the early days textile to  automobiles and later on, high technologies products such as semiconductors. Japan invested heavily on research and development to create high value products to make it desirable to the world. As a result of the severe undercutting of competitors. Japan’s enterprise have to come out with several ways to enhance efficiency to ensure profitability. Toyota created a system called Just-In-Time (JIT) which emphasize on the redundancy of keeping live inventory. (Uno, 1987) It was first created in the 1950s and later slowly dispersed into the different industries and plants in Japan in the 1960s and 1970s. It requires close and collaborative relations with all suppliers for it to work. However, with good implementation, it can ensure lean production with little slack and good flow process. This process brings about the envy of the industrialised world especially in the United States. Other industrialised nations tried to emulate the success of JIT, but not always with positive results due to the poor implementation. Japanese companies also used Total Quality Control(TQC) in manufacturing. It is first coined by Professor William Demming of New York City but it is the Japanese that utilize it.The ideas of Total Quality Control is to have no or little tolerance for rework. Reworking a product are deemed as a wastage of time. By adopting a do it once, do it well approach, further time and cost can be saved to make the production lean. After the 1979 economic reforms by the Chinese state government, the state government allow Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to enter into Chinese market. It is the movement of long term foreign financing that allows a shareholding of at least 10% of the State Owned Enterprises. This usually includes the transfer of technology and know-hows to the host country from the Multi-Nationals Companies (MNCs). As a result of the transfer of technology, the host country in this case the State Owned Enterprises will have gained insights on the production process. Hence, further research and development by the State Owned Enterprises is possible. Also, in 1979, the state government created four Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in Guangdong and Fujian province to encourage the facilitation of Foreign Direct Investment that mainly foreign investment will stay in this four zones. The state government realizes that by creating four zones is not enough to open up the market. Therefore, in the 1980s wholly-owned foreign enterprises are allowed and also more east coast ports are opened up to encourage foreign trades and investment. China State government viewed  Foreign Direct Investment as a very important catalyst to improve its economy. Subsequently, foreign enterprises are given the same treatment as a State Owned Enterprise and the joining of World Trade Organisation in November 2001 makes a very huge milestone in China’s economic history. Due to rising manufacturing cost Japan industries, Japan has begun to pour Foreign Direct Investment into China to cut cost. As evidenced by (Kunii et al., 2002) , during the period of first six months of 2002 , Japanese firms concluded deals of $3.15 billion. This goes to show the importance of Foreign Direct Investment for both countries in a win-win situation. Japan can benefit from the low production cost and China can benefit from the capital inflow and technology transfer. As of 2012, China is the leading Foreign Direct Investment in the world. (Perkowski, 2012). 3. Socialist Market Economy Vs Capitalist Market Economy The socialist market economy is the only model that are used by the People’s Republic of China (PRC). It is based on the dominance of State Owned Enterprises and maintaining a free open market, its origins can be traced from the Chinese economic reforms introduced under Deng Xiao Ping. During the early stage of economic reform in China, socialism are deemed as the basis for the reform, and therefore has to adopt capitalist techniques to survive. It is also known as the social capitalism despite adopting the free market system of capitalism. (Schweickart, 2006) Japan adopted the system of capitalist market economy which got its influence from her western counterparts. It’s a system that encourage free trading in the market in the forms of products, shares and commodities. Despite Japan uses Keiretsu in their business systems, it is still by large using a capitalist system. The need for consumption of luxury products and export of domestic shows the use of capitalist system. Similarities 1. Intervention of government bodies Historically in Japan history since Meiji Restoration, Japanese government has always played a very important role in the industrialisation. To be able to play catch-up with the western nations, the government deemed the intervention necessary. It also enable the government to be strengthened through the lending of private funds and invest it in key industries such as  shipbuilding, communication in the Meiji’s government. The intervention of government in financing benefited the big groups of zaibatsu and later on Keiretsu. After the Second World War, the Japanese government once again realised the importance of state support for the companies and economies to grow quickly. (Johnson, 1982) In recent times, Japanese government agencies such as Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) and Ministry of Finance (MOF) have been actively participated in business by giving funds and supports to industry that are of utmost national interest. On the other hand, big business can exert huge influence on the political scene by endorsing political candidate that are beneficial to the interest of the big corporation. With respect to Japan, Korean government intervention of chaebols (big conglomerate) are largely similar to Japan. In the earlier days, the Korean government invested heavily and provide financial aids to chaebols such as Lucky Goldstar and Samsung. With the strong backing of the government, these companies are able to flourish. (Song, 1990) By 1990s, the reforming of State Owned Enterprises especially small and medium state enterprises became a top priority for the Chinese state government. After a carefully study by the state government, a new reform system formed under the name of â€Å"the Regulations for Transforming Managerial Mechanisms of the State Owned Enterprises’ ( Liberation Daily, 1992). This includes of fourteen kinds of power to instill self-management. Even though, it’s a move by the Chinese state government to liberalized State Owned Enterprises. But, government steps by steps intervention of the process is still very much needed. Especially, during the early periods of reforms, they are many uncertainties and fluctuations in the market that requires government intervention to ensure the reformations process is smooth and steady. 2. Confucianism Influence All the major East Asian management system have been influenced heavily by the Confucian tradition. (Oh, 1983). This includes China, South Korea and Japan which has some olden Chinese co-relation. It does not only has heavy influence towards these countries culturally but also economically. For example: In Japan, huge emphasis is put on the seniority in both workplace or at home. Similarly, likewise for Korea. Respect are to be given to elders or person with high seniority. Individualisms and competitiveness are not  part of the teaching of Confucianism. In the economy of these East Asian countries, they are generally competitive and placed a lot of emphasis on individual actualization. Though, these countries are influence deeply by Confucianism, its more applicable to the management level which is at micro level. At macro levels, the government efforts and communitarianism could be the explanation for the competition in the world market. Conclusion In conclusion, this article has discussed about the similarities and differences between Japan and China. There are three main differences that are discussed in this article. Firstly, its Japan’s Keiretsu and China’s reform policy. Japan’s Keiretsu was the predecessor of zaibatsu and it’s the dominant force of Japan’s economy. Deng Xiaoping pushes for economic reforms and turned its communist economy to a socialist economy. Secondly, Japan invested heavily in the research and development of technology as to become world major exports nations. Through the process of undercutting its competitors, Japan’s enterprises utilize Just in Time process and Total Quality Management to ensure high efficiency and lean production cycle. On the other hand, China relied on Foreign Direct Investment to boost its economy. In the process of Foreign Direct Investment, not only it creates jobs for the country but also learn about foreign technologies through technology transfer. Lastly, the Chinese employed a socialist economic models which is often referred as state capitalism whereby the government still practiced one party communism. Japan on the other hand, support a free trade market which is similar to the capitalist systems in the west. The article also discusses the importance of government or state intervention of the economy. For Japan, the government provides good infrastructure and financial aids to industry that are deemed promising. In china, the Chinese state government slowly guides its economy through intervals of reforms to prevent the reformation for being too fast or slow. Lastly, Confucianism plays a big role in influencing the management style of Japanese and Korean organization but not so much in China State Owned Enterprises. References Businessweek, (2002). In Japan , China is Sexy. pp.22-23. Chan, W. (1986). Chu Hsi and Neo-Confucianism. 1st ed. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Johnson, C. (1982). MITI and the Japanese miracle. 1st ed. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. Laaksonen, O. (1988). Management in China during and after Mao in enterprises, government, and party. 1st ed. Berlin: W. de Gruyter. Liberation Daily, (1992). Regulations for Transforming Managerial Mechanisms of the State Owned Enterprises. Lichtenstein, N. (1993). Enterprise reform in China. 1st ed. Washington, DC (1818 H St., NW, Washington 20433): Legal Dept., World Bank. Oh, T. (1983). A Comparative Study of the Influence of Confucianism on Japanese Korean, and Chinese Management Practices. 1st ed. Honolulu: Academy of International Business Asia-Pacific Dimensions of International Business. Okumaru, H. (1976). Six Largest Business Groups In Japan. 1st ed. Tokyo: Diamond Publishing. Perkowski, J. (2012). China Leads In Foreign Direct Investment. [online] Forbes. Available at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/jackperkowski/2012/11/05/china-leads-in-foreign-direct-in vestment/ [Accessed 12 Aug. 2014]. Schweickart, D. (2006). China: Market Socialism or Capitalism?. p.137. Song, B. (1990). The rise of the Korean economy. 1st ed. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press. Tokyo Business Time, (1989). Intimate Links With Japan’s Corporate Groups. pp.14-19. Uno, K. (1987). Japanese industrial performance. 1st ed. Amsterdam: North-Holland. World Bank, (2014). Gross Domestic Product 2013. [online] Available at: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP.pdf [Accessed 31 Jul. 2014]. 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humanism in the renaissance essays

humanism in the renaissance essays The renaissance started in the 14th century in cities of Northern Italy. During this time the social elite became more interested in the literature and ideas of ancient Greece and Rome. People started to reject some of the ideas and practices of medieval civilization and turned to the idea of humanism. Humanism was a new concern with people as powerful, creative individuals in a dynamic secular world. During the Renaissance humanistic attitudes and cultural productions consisted of; the rediscovery of classical sources, freedom of the individual, a new concern for the present instead of the life after death, and the new discovered pleasure of classical literature and books. Religion during the Renaissance was not at all forgotten and instead emphasis was placed on learning classical languages to improve translations of the Bible and studying classical literature for its relation to Christian ideals and life. In the early Renaissance, literary humanism and a movement to receive classical literature and the values expressed in classical writings, was central. The focus turned from people as religious beings, to include the problems of people and nature in the human world. People started to read his love Sonnets and other classical works that dealt with ideas other than religion. For example, Florentine Francesco Petrarch was well known for love sonnets and other classical translations. In one letter to a friend Petrarch defends humanistic learning and its accusations that it diverts people away from religion. Petrarch writes ...no one has been prevented by literature from following the path of holiness(6). By this statement Petrarch is saying that literature has never prevented people from learning or diverted people away from religion. Another way people rediscovered classical sources was through visual paintings. For example Raphaels painting The School of Athens, was a great t ribute to Greek philosoph...

Tensile Test Lab Report Essays

Tensile Test Lab Report Essays Tensile Test Lab Report Paper Tensile Test Lab Report Paper Introduction The construction materials course is an essential part of civil engineering as the strength of all structures and constructions depends on the material used. The tension test is one of the laboratories which help students develop their knowledge in this course by practice. During the laboratory a Tinnitus Olsen Tension Test equipment was used, and the test samples were from low and high carbon steel and timber with grains parallel and perpendicular to the load. Test equipment and materials The test equipment used during the laboratory is one of the Penchant Materials Testing Machines made by Tinnitus Olsen. This machine can test different types of materials and it is provided with software which gives the opportunity to users to fully control the system. Machine two different types of attachments: the first is to fix the metal samples, and second is to hold timber samples. The rate of loading can be controlled by the software. Brief comments on differences and similarities in each property for the set of materials From the tables above it can be seen that: * Low-carbon steel has the largest load and stress at elastic limit among all materials * High-carbon steel has the largest maximum load and stress among all materials * High-carbon steel has the largest failure load and nominal failure stress among all materials * Low-carbon steel has the largest true failure load among all materials * All properties is larger for timber with grains parallel to the grain rather than for timber with perpendicular to the grain Graphs Stress-strain or load-extension graphs have a different form depending on the structure of material and of these graphs can be divided to two different regions: elastic deformation and plastic. Elastic deformation occurs in the region where the curve behaves linearly and after the removing the load material will return to its initial shape. When the elasticity ends the plastic region begins. In plastic region strain can increase significantly whereas stress increases with smaller increment. If the unloading happens the curve will fall parallel to the elastic region. The Stress-Strain graphs have the same shape as Load-Extension graphs. To prove that the stress-strain curves were sketched for three different types of metal: low-carbon steel, high-carbon steel and aluminum. The data used during plotting the stress-strain graphs is represented in Appendix. The graphs for low- carbon (0. 15%) steel (See Figure 1 2). Figure 2. The stress-strain graph for low-carbon steel It can be seen from the graphs that at the beginning the curve behaves linearly until it reaches approximately 14. Non (See Figure 1). Therefore, this section of the graph can be called the elastic region. Then the plastic region begins, and the curve reaches its maximum point at 15. Ink. After that the load decreases gradually for the bigger increment of extension until the break occurs (at 10. Non). The graphs for High-carbon (0. 4%) steel. Figure 4. The Stress-Strain Graph for High-carbon steel The graph for high-carbon steel is similar to the graph for the low-carbon steel. However, the maximum stress in the graph for high-carbon steel is more by non, and equal to the 19. Non. Also it can be seen that the length of high-carbon steel before the failure is less than for low-carbon steel. The elastic region continues until it reaches 12. Ink, and the plastic region ends when specimen breaks at 16. Ink. The graphs for Aluminum. Figure 6. The Stress-Strain Graph for Aluminum The shape of the curve in the graph is similar to the graphs for the steel. However, it can be noticed that the maximum load for aluminum is much less than for steel. Consequently, the load at elastic limit and fail ure load are also small (5. Ink and 3. Ink respectively). The causes of difference of the graphs will be given in Discussion part. The Figures 7-10 illustrate the tension test for timber samples when the load was applied parallel to the grain. From these graphs it is easy to see that the elastic region is very small for timber. In contrast, the plastic deformation takes the bigger region for the large extension. In addition, the specimens break when the maximum load is applied, and it seems that the failure occurs several times. The cause of this behavior is that all grains do not break at one time. The Figures 11-12 show the load-extension graphs for specimens when the load was applied perpendicular to the grain. It can be seen that the failure occurs at small applied load with comparison to other materials. The elastic regions for these specimens are bigger than for samples parallel to the grain. The extension is very small. The calculation of the mean stress, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and characteristic value The mean stress is the arithmetical average of failure stresses: mom=on 7 Where o is the sum of the failure stresses for timber specimens when the load was applied parallel to the grain, and n is the number of specimens. Amp The standard deviation is the degree of spread about the mean stress and it can be calculated as: so=(o-mom)an (8) Where so is variation, s is the standard deviation and o is the failure stresses. Mama s=9. 44 Amp The coefficient of variation: c=somas 9 The calculated result for coefficient of variation (26. %) for this timber was accurate enough as the coefficient of variation for timber must vary from to 30%. The characteristic stress is: char=mom-KS 10 Where k is the standard deviation multiplication factor, and KS is the margin. There kiss equal to the 1. 64 (1 in 20 failure rate). Discussion Firstly, it was noticed that the properties vary depending on the amount of carbon added to the steel. Adding the carbon increases the strength of steel thereby it makes the steel become more brittle. Therefore, the strain for high- carbon steel is less than for low-carbon one, and the maximum stress of low- carbon steel is less than for high-carbon one. Also as the strain or both low and high carbon steel is more than 5% it can be said that they are ductile materials. Secondly, as the strain for the aluminum specimen is less than 1% it seems that it is brittle material. However, the graphs for brittle materials have a little plastic region or even do not have this region. But there is significant plastic region in the Figure 5. It can be predicted that the main causes of that are the defects in the aluminum specimen and the errors related to the equipment. Thirdly, unlike all other materials the graphs for the timber specimens have upturn before failure. The Figures 7-10 are for the same material as timber with grains parallel to the load; however, these graphs differ from each other. Because all specimens do not have the same structure of grains and have different dimensions, also they can have defects as timber is the natural material. Fourthly, the timber specimens with grains perpendicular to the load are the most brittle among other tested materials. As the grains are not connected strongly the failure load of the specimen is not large. Finally, all of the graphs do not show ideal expectations and the possible sources of error are that the specimens were to fixed properly before the test, the material have the defects (was not homogeneous), reduction of decimal points during calculations and errors of the equipment. Conclusion To sum up, the properties such as elastic limit stress, nominal and true failure stresses, etc. Ere obtained. The graphs of stress versus strain were plotted for each type of metals and the graphs of load versus extension were represented with comments for each specimen. The mean stress, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and characteristic stress were calculated for timber samples with grains parallel to the grain. Also the figures of materials after the allure were sketched. In conclusion, the low-carbon stress is more elastic, and the high-carbon stress is stronger. The timber with grains parallel to the load can hold more load than those with perpendicular.